A developmental model of antisocial behavior asserts that although such factors as parent criminality, social and economic disadvantage, child temperament, and marital discord systematically affect the development of antisocial child behavior, their influence is mediated by the extent to which they disrupt day-to-day parenting practices. Irritable, ineffective discipline, and poor parental monitoring are the most proximal determinants of the early development and maintenance of antisocial behavior.