Background: An increasing number of children are placed in foster care (i.e., a kin or non-kin family home other than the biological parent) due to experiences of physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological abuse, and/or neglect. Children in foster care are at increased risk for a host of deleterious outcomes encompassing emotional, behavioral, neurobiological, and social realms. Methods: Areas of risk and vulnerability among foster children are described, including emotional and behavioral deficits, impaired neurobiological development, and social relationship deficits. Evidence suggesting the significance of family placement changes and prenatal exposure to substances as contributing mechanisms is presented. Following a systematic PsycINFO search, efficacious evidence-based interventions for foster families are summarized. Results: Although the development of evidence-based interventions that improve outcomes for children in foster care has lagged behind the delivery of interventions in other service sectors (e.g., mental health, educational), several interventions across childhood and adolescence offer promise. Service system constraints offer both challenges and opportunities to more routine implementation of evidence-based interventions. Conclusions: Given the increased likelihood of poor outcomes for children in foster care, increased efforts to understand the pathways to vulnerability and to implement interventions shown to be effective in remediating risks and improving outcomes for this population are indicated.